EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL POLYVALENT AVIAN INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VACCINES AGAINST CHINESE QX-LIKE AND TW-LIKE STRAIN VIA DIFFERENT VACCINATION STRATEGIES

The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an acute and highly contagious disease, which affects chickens of all ages.Vaccination is the most important way to control this disease.Nevertheless, novel variant strains are constantly reported because of the lack of proofreading capabilities of RNA polymerase and high frequency of homologous RNA recombin

Polygalae radix (PR) is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd.and Polygala sibirica L.and enjoys the reputation as the “key medicine for nourishing life.” In this study, information about “Polygala tenuifolia Willd.,” “Polygala sibirica L.,” and “Yuanzhi” was retrieved from scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Baidu

In the Noctuidae, the owlet moths, the internal genitalia, i.e.the aedeagus and vesica (penis) in the males, and the bursa copulatrix in the females, together form a lock-and-key mechanism (LKM).The species-specific structures have their counterparts in the opposite sex.The internal LKM constitutes a specific reproductive isolation mechanism (lock-